"David Romer" is an American economist, the Herman Royer Professor of Political Economy at the University of California, Berkeley, the author of a standard textbook in graduate macroeconomics as well as many influential economic papers, particularly in the area of New Keynesian economics. He is also the husband and close collaborator of Council of Economic Advisers former Chairwoman Christina Romer.

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Thus previous work provides little evidence about the strength of force pushing decision-makers toward conservatism. The results of this paper suggest that the forces may be shockingly strong.

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At the end of the game, one team will have won and the other will have lost. Thus even a decision-maker who faces a large cost of losing should maximize the probability of winning.

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