There hasn't been a clear incentive for them to put processes into place to make sure these treatments are given consistently. We haven't known what's been going on in hospitals, until now.

For more than 20 years we have known that black Americans receive a different level of care than whites. Despite concerted efforts to address these disparities, this study shows that black seniors continue to receive fewer surgical procedures than whites. On a fundamental level, these differences in care are not acceptable.

I'm shocked by these results.